C04
Cognitive control plays a pivotal role in (re)allocating neural resources particularly in deprived states. But this regulation also requires supplies, rendering it reliant on individual differences in cognitive reserve and subjective valuation of effortful performance. In a multifaceted approach we will manipulate incentives and efficacy in cognitive tasks to study interactions between effort investment and cognitive control in states with reduced resources such as sleep deprivation and healthy aging. Additionally, we will examine the Orexin system’s impact on resource allocation and employ TUS to modulate cognitive control function.
Principal Investigators
Dr. Jana Tegelbeckers
Prof. Dr. med. Markus Ullsperger
Co-Workers
Cognitive control
Goal-directed behavior requires the ability to adapt to unfavorable outcomes, unexpected changes in the environment, and to transfer knowledge to novel or uncertain situations. The recruitment of the limited neural resources to achieve these adaptations is called cognitive control. It encompasses the ongoing monitoring of progress, available resources and demands (Ullsperger et al., 2014a,b).
These processes rely on a wide-spread cognitive control network consisting of prefrontal and parietal cortices, the basal ganglia and modulatory input from the diencephalon, mesencephalon as well as the pons. In this network, the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) has been identified as a key brain region for cognitive control and performance monitoring (Ridderinkhof et al., 2004).
The role of sleep
Sleep deprivation impairs cognitive control abilities leading to lapses of attention, increased distractibility and an overall reduced productivity. Presumably these impairments are caused by a reduction and alteration in the quality of neural resources and changes in functional connectivity (Krause et al. 2017). On the other hand, cognitive control is of particular importance in this transient state of reduced resource availability. Potential cognitive control measures to (re-)mobilize the available resources involve the regulation of arousal and (re-)focusing of selective attention. These interactions between resource availability and remobilisation are the research focus here.
Aim of the project
Aging as well as many psychiatric disorders are characterized by a decline in cognitive functions due to a lack of neural resources but these effects are difficult to isolate. Therefore, we’ll use sleep deprivation in healthy young adults to induce a transient functional loss of resources. This model will be used to better understand how the cognitive control network deals with resource availability and to potentially identify approaches to improving cognitive performance when resources are reduced.
Procedure
For these studies we’ll investigate human participants with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We’ll compare the neural and behavioral effects of a full night of sleep deprivation on a demanding cognitive task to a baseline after a normal night’s sleep. Simultaneously to neuroimaging, we’ll measure electrical brain activity via EEG and pupil dilation via eye tracking. The data from these different sources will then be integrated to gain an understanding of the interactions between cognitive control, attention and the availability of neural resources.
Mobilization of neural resources
Arousal and vigilance significantly influence cognitive control mechanisms suggesting a role of the lateral hypothalamus and ascending reticular activation system in regulating neural resources. Particularly the neuropeptide Orexin (OX) seems to play an important role in the regulation of homeostatic functions: it tracks the state of arousal, ensuring it’s stability or adjustments if needed (Schöne and Burdakov, 2017). Furthermore, Orexin directly projects to the lateral prefrontal cortex (Lambe et al., 2005; Aracri et al., 2015) and studies in monkeys showed that attention benefits from intranasal application of OX (Weinhold et al., 2015). We thus plan to investigate the possibility of a pharmacological modulation of OX in humans in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study.
